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小李子

奥委会主席罗格2012伦敦奥运会开幕式致辞

2012年7月28日伦敦奥运会开幕，国际奥委会主席罗格发表开幕式致辞。致辞中，罗格表达了对伦敦赞扬，对伦敦奥组委及志愿者的感谢，以及对本届奥运会比赛的展望。

Your Majesty,
尊敬的女王陛下，


Your Majesties,
尊敬的亲王，


Your Royal Highnesses,
各位殿下，


Distinguished Guests,
各位嘉宾，


Ladies and Gentlemen,
女生们、先生们，


In just a few moments, the Olympic Games will officially return to London for the third time, setting an unmatched record for hosting the Games that spans more than a century. Thank you, London, for welcoming the world to this diverse, vibrant, cosmopolitan city yet again.
再过一会，奥运会将第三次来到伦敦，这是过去一个世纪中无可比拟的人类纪录。谢谢伦敦，再次将我们带到这个充满活力的现代化大都市。


It has taken a lot of hard work by many people to get us to this point. I want to thank the entire team at the London Organizing Committee - superbly led by Lord Coe - for their excellent and hard work. I also want to thank all the public authorities who have helped ensure that these Games will leave a lasting positive legacy long after the closing ceremony.
为了实现这个目标，很多人付出了艰苦努力。我要感谢伦敦奥组委团队的出色工作，感谢他们做出了卓越的成绩。我还要感谢相关部分的合作，使得伦敦奥运会在闭幕之后能够留下一份持久有益的奥运遗产。


And, of course, we are all grateful to the thousands of dedicated volunteers who are being so generous with their time, their energy and their welcoming smiles.
对于数千名志愿者的辛苦付出，我们心存感激，我们共同付出时间、体能和微笑。


For the first time in Olympic history all the participating teams will have female athletes. This is a major boost for gender equality.
在奥运会历史上，首次所有代表团都有女性运动员参赛，这是推动性别平等的重要一步。


In a sense, the Olympic Games are coming home tonight. This great, sports-loving country is widely recognized as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum.
在一定程度上，我们可以说，奥运会在今晚回家了。这个国家热爱体育，是现代体育的发源地，在这里，运动精神和公平竞赛原则被清楚的鉴定和表达着，在这里，体育成为教育课程。


The British approach to sport had a profound influence on Pierre de Coubertin, our founder, as he developed the framework for the modern Olympic Movement at the close of the 19th century. The values that inspired de Coubertin will come to life over the next 17 days as the world's best athletes compete in a spirit of friendship, respect and fair play.
英国对于奥运会创始人顾拜旦有深远的影响，在19世纪末，构建了现代奥林匹克运动。接下来的17天时间中，世界上最优秀的运动员将在友谊、尊敬和公平竞赛规则下展开竞争。


I congratulate all of the athletes who have earned a place at these Games. And to the athletes, I offer this thought: Your talent, your dedication and commitment brought you here. Now you have a chance to become true Olympians. That honor is determined not by whether you win, but by how you compete. Character counts far more than medals.
我祝贺每一位来到这里参赛的运动员。我想对你们说：你们的天赋、努力使得自己有了这样的成绩，你今天成为了奥运会一员，不在于你是否获胜，而在于你怎样去比赛，品德远比奖牌重要。


Reject doping. Respect you opponents. Remember that you are all role models. If you do that, you will inspire a generation.
远离兴奋剂，尊重对手，记住你是大家的榜样。如果你做到了，你就激励了一代人。


These Games bring many hopes. Hope for harmony and peace between the 204 National Olympic Committees. Hope to see the young generations inspired by the values of sport. Hope that these Games continue to promote sustainable development.
2012伦敦奥运会带来很多希望，参赛的204个国家和地区代表团都在期待和平，希望能够看到年轻人被体育价值观所激励，希望本届奥运会能够继续可持续和发展的理念。


Dear Athletes, make us dream.
运动员们，让我们一起实现梦想。


I now have the honor to ask Her Majesty the Queen to open the Games of the Olympiad.
现在我很荣欣地邀请女王陛下宣布奥运会开幕。

小李子

刘翔110米栏预赛摔倒无缘晋级 悲情告别伦敦


“中国飞人”刘翔亮相伦敦碗，踏上男子110米栏预赛的赛道，开始他的第三次奥运之旅。令无数关心他的人感到十分失望的是，在赛前刘翔看起来状态不错，起跑速度很快，但过第一个栏时碰栏摔倒，提前无缘伦敦奥运会男子110米栏的决赛。央视解说员在解说时看到这一幕直接哽咽。

刘翔坚持单脚跳完全程，刘翔好像受伤，被轮椅推出了场外。

【跨栏词汇】


Olympic men's 110 meter hurdles 奥运会男子110米跨栏

hurdler 跨栏选手

track and field 田径

semi-final 半决赛

record-holder 纪录保持者

小李子

揭秘奥运：关于奥运你可能不知道的10件事


Every four years, the world comes together for two weeks of competition, comradery and national pride for the Olympic Games. Athletes from around the world have the chance to gain national and international fame while capturing the attention of spectators around the world.
每隔四年，全世界就会为了奥运会而集合一次。这两个星期充满了竞争、兄弟情和国家荣誉。来自世界各地的运动员都有机会获得全球观众的注意，从而名动全国乃至全世界。


There is a rich history behind the founding and development of the Olympics that has many twists and turns. Ten of the historical Olympic facts are included below. Some of the facts may surprise you:
而在奥运会在创办和发展的道路上，也经历了各种风波。以下是关于奥运的十件事，其中有些也许会令你震惊不已。


1.Record of the Olympics dates back to 776 BC. But it is believed that the god greek demigod Heracles, son of Zeus founded the games many years before.
1. 关于奥运会的记录可追溯至公元前776年。但通常人们认为是希腊神话中宙斯的儿子，大力士英雄赫拉克勒斯在更早的时候创办了这些比赛。


2.The Olympics were created to honor 12 Olympian gods and were hosted in the gardens of the ancient Greek city Olympia.
2. 奥运会的创办是为了表达对奥林匹亚山上12位天神的尊敬。当时，奥运会在希腊古城奥林匹亚城中的花园内举行。


3.After 12 centuries, Roman Emperor Theodosius banned them in 393 AD under accusations of pagan motivations. But French Baron Pierre de Coubertin reinstated the Games in the late 19th century.
3. 在12个世纪之后，罗马皇帝狄奥多西以这是异教徒居心不良的活动为由，于公元393年禁止了奥运会。然而在19世纪后期，法国男爵顾拜旦恢复了奥运会比赛。


4.The first and only Games event was a 192 meter run; which is about 0.1 mile. The race was referred to as a stadio which is where the term stadium derives. Only men were allowed to compete in this event.
4.在第一届现代奥运会上，仅有一个比赛项目，即长约0.1英里的跑步比赛，当时的长度是192米。这项比赛被称为斯塔基奥，这也是如今“运动场”一词的来源。当时只有男人被允许参加比赛。


5.Women were allowed to compete in Equestrian events during the ancient Olympics. The first modern Olympics allowing women to compete (only in Tennis) was in 1900, in Paris, France. Additional sports were added over 30 years.
5. 古代奥运会允许女性参加马术的比赛项目。而在现代奥运会中，直到1900年巴黎奥运会女性运动员才被允许参加，而且比赛项目只限于网球。直到30年后，女性才得以参加其他项目的比赛。


6.The most decorated Olympian is American swimmer Michael Phelps. The swimmer broke a 48-year record held by Ukranian and former USSR athlete Larissa Latynina with 18 total medals (nine gold, five silver, four bronze). They were earned in the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics. Michael Phelps broke this record during the 2012 London Olympics. His medal count is 15 gold, two silver, and two broze.
6. 美国游泳名将“飞鱼”菲尔普斯是历史上获得奖牌数最多的奥运会选手。他打破了由前苏联选手，乌克兰人拉里莎-拉特尼娜创造的历史，而这一历史记录已经维持了48年。拉特尼娜在1956年、1960年和1964年三届奥运会中，共获得了18块奖牌，其中9块金牌，5块银牌，4块铜牌。截止此次伦敦奥运会，菲尔普斯打破了这一记录。他总共获得了15块金牌，2块银牌和2块铜牌。


7.The most decorated country competing in the Olympics is the United States. Over the span of 28 Olympic Games, the United States accumulated 2,511 medals (Based on records from 1896-2008).
7. 美国是赢得奖牌数最多的参赛国家。自1896年至2008年，美国共参加了28届奥运会，总共获得了2511块奖牌。


8.A Winter Olympics were added to the competition in 1924 in Chamonix, France. The original events were alpine and cross-country skiing, ice hockey, Nordic compined, ski jumping, speed skating and figure skating.
8. 冬季奥运会首次出现在1924年。第一届冬奥会在法国夏蒙尼举行。最初的比赛项目包括高山滑雪、越野滑雪、冰上曲棍球、北欧混合项目、跳台滑雪、速度滑冰和花样滑冰。


9.The most expensive Olympics to-date is Bejing, China in 2008. The country spent nearly $42 billion to host the event. While there is much debate over the cost of hosting the Olympics and the return value, many believe that the spike in international attention will positively affect tourism for many years.
9. 至今花费最昂贵的奥运会是2008年北京奥运会。为了举办这届奥运会，中国花费了将近420亿美元（约2670亿人民币）。虽然关于如此高昂的代价和最终回报仍有争议，很多人们相信如此在世界范围内收获的注意力，将在很长一段时间内拉动当地的旅游业。


10.British artist David Watkins designed the medals for the 2012 London Olympics. There is usually an architectural theme for all Olympic Games and the artists chosen to design medals must follow the guidelines for the Games.
10. 英国艺术家大卫-沃特金斯为此次2012伦敦奥运会设计了奖牌。通常，每届奥运会会有一个建筑学上的主题。而被挑中的艺术家需以此为方向设计奖牌。

小李子

不做广告也有人叫好：苹果高管揭秘市场营销策略

苹果公司高管在与三星的专利诉讼案中出庭作证，他霸气地说道：即使不做广告也有人拼命为苹果吆喝。那苹果靠什么来宣传呢？答案很简单：口碑相传和植入广告。

Apple no longer actually needs to do ANY advertising when it launches new products, marketing chief Phil Schiller testified Friday in the Apple v. Samsung patent trial in a San Jose, Calif., federal court.
周五，苹果公司与三星的专利诉讼案在美国加州圣何塞市的联邦法庭开庭，苹果公司负责市场营销的主管菲尔-席勒出庭并作证。他揭秘道，苹果在发布新产品的时候，已经不需要再做任何广告了。


Instead, the company relies on these two strategies:
取而代之的是苹果公司的两条锦囊妙计：


1) Rely on the media to create buzz for its products through positive reviews.
1）依靠媒体的狂热来对苹果的产品进行正面的宣传。


2) Product placement in TV shows and movies.
2）在电视、电影中植入广告。


The media is so reliably disposed to favor Apple's products that when the iPhone was launched in 2007, the company didn't do any advertising for a period, according to Bloomberg:
根据全球最大的财经资讯公司彭博集团的报道，在2007年苹果发布iPhone的时候，由于媒体不遗余力地为苹果产品叫好，苹果公司在那段时间里甚至都不用为新产品打广告。


"We didn't need to," Schiller said. He read from several rave reviews of the iPhone and iPad, explaining that such stories did a better job than advertising to build buzz.
“我们不需要做广告。” 在席勒看过那些对iPhone和iPad的大肆赞扬之后，他觉得这些报道远比做广告更能吸引眼球。


Apple also relies heavily on product placement, Bloomberg says. "We would love to see our products used by stars," Schiller told the jury.
彭博资讯认为，苹果公司还花了大力气在植入广告之中。席勒告诉陪审团说，“我们很愿意看到明星们使用我们的产品。”


One of Apple's employees works closely with Hollywood on so-called product placement so its gadgets are used in movies and television shows, Schiller said. None of the tactics are a surprise. Anyone who has ever watched a movie or a TV show has seen actors turning to their iPads and MacBooks as props.
席勒说，苹果公司有员工和好莱坞方面走得很近，会负责商讨把苹果的产品植入到电影电视节目中去。这一点也不稀奇。我们都在电影或电视上看到过苹果的iPad和笔记本电脑MacBooks被演员们当做道具来使用。


But Apple, famously, hates talking about its own advertising and marketing. That's why it's so interesting to hear one of Apple's senior executives actually say this stuff aloud, on the record.
不过，苹果从来都不爱对外说道自己的营销策略，这次苹果的高管自揭内幕，就不得不让人感兴趣了。

小李子

美国某高中优等生毕业演讲吐脏字 学校拒发毕业证书

毕业前闯祸，惹怒学校官员，几名美国高中生面临无法领取毕业证书的局面。近日，一名成绩优异的毕业生代表只因在毕业演讲时用了“hell”这个词，无法拿到毕业证书，另外几名高中生也因为各种原因，遭遇相似情况。

Kaitlin Nootbaar, a straight-A Oklahoma high school student, is being denied her diploma because she used the word "hell" in her graduation speech as valedictorian, and she and her parents are furious.
学校拒绝给美国俄克拉荷马州优秀高中生凯特琳·努特芭颁发毕业证书，因为她作为毕业生代表进行毕业演讲时说了“hell”这个词。这样的结果让她及其父母震怒不已。


In delivering her address during the Prague High School graduation ceremony in May, the teen alluded to instances where people would ask her what she wanted to do with her life as graduation approached, to which she said, "How the hell do I know? I've changed my mind so many times."
普拉格高中在5月举行了毕业典礼，凯特琳在演讲时说道，随着毕业临近，别人会问她以后想做什么，她略微提了几个例子，然后说道：“见鬼，我怎么知道？我的想法都变了好多次了。”


The statement received laughter and applause from her fellow graduates, her father said. But when Kaitlin went to collect her diploma this week, school officials said they won't release the certificate until she writes an apology for using the word.
她的爸爸说，下面的毕业生听到这话都大笑着鼓掌。但是当凯特琳这周去领取毕业证书时，学校官员说他们不会给她证书，除非她为说了这个词写一封道歉信。


The script for the speech, inspired by Eclipse: The Twilight Saga, includes the word "heck," but Kaitlin used "hell" in the moment. She says she doesn't intend to write the apology requested, as she earned the diploma through coursework, state exams and extracurriculars. The teen has also earned a full scholarship to college.
凯特琳的演讲稿是受到《暮光之城3：月食》的启发，里面用到了“heck”这个词（hell的委婉语），但是凯特琳当时却用了“hell”。她说她不打算按照要求写道歉信，因为她是通过课业、国家考试、课外活动得到毕业证书的。凯特琳也已经拿到了大学的全额奖学金。


A similar incident occurred in June when high school senior Anthony Cornist was denied his diploma because, school officials said, his friends and family cheered so loudly for him that it disrupted the ceremony.
6月也发生了相似的事件。学校也拒绝给高中毕业生安东尼·柯尼斯特颁发毕业证书，学校官员说，因为他的朋友和家人庆祝的声音太大了，打扰到了毕业典礼的进行。


"I did nothing wrong except walk across the stage," the Ohio teen told WCPO at the time. The school demanded that the student complete 20 hours of community service to obtain the certificate.
“除了走过舞台，我没做什么错事。”当时这名俄亥俄州的青少年告诉WCPO的记者。学校要求这名学生完成20个小时的社区服务之后才能拿到毕业证书。


Across the country in Brentwood, Calif., more than 20 students from Heritage High School were suspended and denied from walking in their graduation ceremony in June because of a senior prank that school officials said went too far.
在加利福尼亚州布伦特伍德，来自海瑞中学的20多位学生被处分停学并被拒绝参加6月份的毕业典礼，原因是因为学校官员认为他们的恶作剧太过分了。


For their grand exit prank, the teens tied a lamb to a pole, relocated a 500-pound concrete bench, stole school banners and splattered paint around campus. The students' parents sought legal action to stay the suspensions so the teens could take exams required for graduation.
这些学生导演了一场大型的毕业恶作剧。这群青少年把一头羔羊拴在一根杆子上，把一张500磅的石椅挪位，偷窃了学校的横幅，在校园里头乱涂乱画。学生的父母采取了法律手段暂缓了处分，这样孩子们还能参加毕业考试。

小李子

世界普通话：美国人搬到中国学汉语

全世界都在学中国话并不是一句空话，随着中国的经济影响力越来越强大，有很多的美国家庭为了让孩子们学习汉语，开始把家搬到中国来。



American families are uprooting their entire lives and relocating their families to China to give their children a leg up in learning Mandarin as China's influence continues to grow, according to The Wall Street Journal.
据《华尔街日报》报道，因为中国的影响在日益增强，为了给孩子增加一个学习汉语的优势，许多美国人正改变以前的生活方式，举家迁往中国生活。


High-powered American couples reportedly move to China and enroll their children in elementary schools that teach Mandarin. Instruction is completed in two years in these schools, and then the families move back to the United States.
报道称，有钱的美国夫妇举家迁往中国，并在教普通话的小学里给孩子报了名注了册。在学完了学校的两年课程后，全家人又搬回美国去。


And even if parents aren't moving there, they are choosing Mandarin submersion programs, hiring tutors, using Skype to talk with teachers in Beijing, and even hiring Chinese-speaking nannies.
即使家长没有搬过来，他们会选择含有汉语内容的教程，或请家教，或使用Skype和在北京的老师对话，甚至是雇佣说汉语的保姆。


Sources told The WSJ that prospective employees who speak Mandarin have a leg-up in the job market, and doting American parents are trying to do everything they can possible to give them that edge.
消息人士告诉《华尔街日报》，未来的求职者，如果是会说汉语的求职者，那么他们在就业市场拥有更多的优势。溺爱孩子的美国家长在尽他们的一切可能让孩子们拥有这样的优势。


Learning Mandarin is hardly an easy task. It's a tonal language and there's no "right" way to learn it.
学习汉语并非易事。汉语是一种声调语言，学习它没有所谓的“好”方法。


To earn certification in Mandarin, it takes 2,200 class hours, and half of that time spent must be spent in a Mandarin-speaking country. For comparison's sake, Spanish can be learned in 600 to 750 class hours.
要获得汉语等级证书需要花2,200学时，其中有一半时间必须要生活在说汉语的国家里。作为对比，学习西班牙语只要600到750个学时。


Ironically in China, where a huge emphasis is placed on education, 85 percent of people whose household income is more than $950,000 recently said they planned on sending their children abroad to study.
不过具有讽刺意味地是，在非常重视教育的中国，85% 家庭收入超过950,000美元的家庭最近表示，他们计划着要把自己的孩子送出国深造。


So, Americans are still playing catch up.
因此，美国人正在迎头赶上。

小李子

美国共和党总统候选人罗姆尼正式竞选演说（视频）

8月31号美国共和党总统竞选人米特·罗姆尼（Mitt Romney）接受候选提名，发表了首个正式的竞选演说。演说中，罗姆尼对奥巴马总统进行抨击，并提出自己的政治计划。

http://you.video.sina.com.cn/api/sinawebApi/outplayrefer.php/vid=84759246_2656174421_OBnnSCs8WWHK+l1lHz2stqkP7KQNt6nnj2+yulWgIQxYQ0/XM5GRZtoC6SvSBtkEqDhATJw4cPck0xs/s.swf

I am proud to introduce to you the next president of the United States of America, Mitt Romney!
我很荣幸地向大家介绍，美国的下一届总统，米特·罗姆尼！


Mr. Chairman and delegates, I accept your nomination for President of the United States.
主席先生，各位代表，我接受你们授予我竞选美国总统的提名。


If you felt that excitement when you voted for Barack Obama, shouldn't you feel that way now that he's President Obama? You know there's something wrong with the kind of job he's done as president when the best feeling you had was the day you voted for him.
如果你当初投票个奥巴马是感到无比兴奋，现在他真的做了总统，难道你不该感到更兴奋么？你应该明白，如果你对他感觉最好的是投票那天，那他作为总统，做的工作一定是出了什么问题。


What is needed in our country today is not complicated or profound. It doesn't take a special government commission to tell us what America needs. What America needs is jobs. Lots of jobs. And unlike the President, I have a plan to create 12 milion new jobs.
今天我们国家不需要复杂或深奥。不需要什么特殊政府委员会来告诉我们美国需要什么。美国需要的是就业机会。大量的就业机会。不像奥巴马总统，我有个能创造一千两百万就业机会的计划。


I wish President Obama had succeeded because I want America to succeed.
我其实希望奥巴马总统成功因为我希望美国成功。


By 2020, North America will be energy independent by taking full advantage of our oil, our coal, our gas, our nuclear and our renewables.
到2020年，北美中会实现能源上的自给自足，通过充分利用我们现有的石油和煤炭，我们的天然气，核能源和可再生资源。


We will make trade work for America by forging new trade agreements. And when nations cheat in trade, there will be unmistakable consequences.
我们要让国际贸易对美国有利通过达成新的贸易协议，让在贸易中做手脚的国家得到严厉的惩处


I will begin my presidency with a jobs tour. President Obama began his presidency with an apology tour. America, he siad, had dictated to other nations. No, Mr. President, America has freed other nations from dictators.
我会以“就业之旅”开始我的总统生涯。而当初奥巴马的总统生涯是一“道歉之旅”开始的。他说：美国独裁压制了其他国家。不，总统先生，是美国吧其他国家从独裁中解放了出来。


Every American was relieved the day President Obama gave the order, and Seal Tem Six took out Osama bin Laden. On another front, every American is less secure today because he has failed to slow Iran's nuclear threat. In his first TV interview as president, he said we should talk to Iran. We're still talking, and Iran's centrifuges are still spining. President Obama has thrown allies like Israel under the bus, even as he has relaxed sanctions on Castro's Cuba. He abandoned our friends in Poland by walking away from our missile defense commitments. But he is eager to give Russia's President Putin the flexibility he desires, after the election.
在奥巴马总统下令“美国海豹六队”行动，并击毙了拉登后，我们每个人都感到如释重负。但在另一方面，今天所有美国人的安全都受到了威胁，因为他没能阻止伊朗发展核武器。在他当选总统后的第一次电视采访中，他说我们应该和伊朗对话。对话仍在进行，伊朗的核分离器也仍在运转。奥巴马总统一方面将一以色列这样的盟友弃于险境，另一方面却放宽对古巴卡斯特罗的制裁。他不但背弃了我们在波兰的朋友，不顾弹防御盟约的协定，反而还急于讨好俄罗斯总统普京，让他在当选后如愿得到期望的“灵活性”。


Under my administration, our friends will see more loyalty, and Mr. Putin will see a little less flexibility and more backbone. We will honor America's democratic ideals because a free world is a more peaceful world. This is the bipartisan foreign policy legacy of Truman and Reagan. And under my presidentcy we will return to it once again.
如果我当政，我们会给盟友更多的忠诚，而让普京见识见识我们的骨气。我们会维护美国的民主理想，因为自由的世界是更和平的世界。这是从杜鲁门和里根时代沿袭下来的，两党都认可的外交政策。如果我当选，我们将回到这样的政策。


President Obama promised to begin to slow the rise of the oceans and heal the planet. My promise is to help you and your family. Now is the moment when we can stand up and say: "I'm an American. I make my destiny. And we deserve better! My children deserve better! My family deseves better! My country deseves better!"
奥巴马总统承诺的是要减慢海平面上升，并拯救世界。而我的承诺是帮助你和你的家庭。是时候站出来说：“我是个美国人，应该由我主宰自己的命运，我们应该过的更好！我们的孩子应该过的更好！我的家庭应该过的更好！我们的国家也应该更好！”


Today the time has come for us to put the disappointments of the last four years behind us. To put aside the divisiveness and the recriminations. To forgive about what might have been and to look ahead to what can be. Now is the time to restore the Promise of America.
今天是时候让我们抛掉过去四年的失望。是时候把分歧与指控放在一边。是时候忘记原本可能发生的事，而向前展望可能发生的故事。是时候重置美国带给人们的希望。


If I am elected President of these United States, I will work with all my energy and soul to restore that America, to life our eyes to a better future. That future is our destiny. That future is out there. It is waiting for us. Our children deserves it, our nation depends upon it, the peace and freedom of the world require it. And with your help, we will deliver it. Let us begin that future for America tonight!
如果我当选美国总统，我将全心全力恢复我们心中的美国，让我们能看到更美好的未来。我们的未来就是我们的命运。这样的未来就在眼前。等我们去实现。我们的孩子值得拥有它，我们国家的走向取决于它，世界的和平与自由也需要它。在你们的帮助下，我们就能实现它。让我们今晚就开始为拥有这样的未来努力吧！


Thank you so very much! May god bless you!My God bless the American people! And may God bless The United States of America.
非常感谢大家！上帝保佑你们！上帝保佑美国人民！上帝保佑美利坚合众国！

小李子

美国劳动节 你可能不知道的5件事

9月的第一个周一是美国劳动节，在这一天忙碌的工人可以好好放一天假。想必很多人对美国劳动节并不了解也充满好奇，他们的风俗习惯是否和我们一样？他们的节日起源又是什么呢？

Monday is a federal holiday in the United States, but Labor Day is much more than that.Labor Day has a rich history centered around workers. This year, it has particular meaning as hundreds of thousands Americans try to get back to work. The latest jobless rate numbers show that unemployment went up from 9.5 to 9.6 percent in August.
在美国，劳动节所在的那个周一是公共假日，不过它的含义远不止于此，它见证了工人为自己权益奋斗的过程。今年的劳动节很特别，因为成千上万的美国人会在那天工作。八月的最新失业数据表明失业率从9.5%上升到了9.6%。


1. Canadian Origin?
起源于加拿大？


While most Americans likely consider Labor Day a uniquely American experience, but in all reality, Labor Day has its origins in Canada. Stemming from 1870’s labor disputes in Toronto, in 1872 a parade was held in support of a strike against the 58 hour workweek. As a result, 24 union leaders who were responsible for organizing the event were arrested under anti-union laws.
很多美国人会认为劳动节是美国的传统节日，但实际上，劳动节起源于加拿大。19世纪70年代在多伦多有很多劳务纠纷，很多工人被迫长时间工作，1872年，不堪剥削的工人罢工游行，反对一周58小时的工作时间。结果，负责组织这次游行的24位带头人因违法反法律被抓。


2.Social Traditions
社会习俗


Labor Day festivities included "speeches, a picnic, an abundance of cigars... mounted in every conceivable place."
劳动节那天会有演讲、野餐、足量雪茄……而且这些随处可见，整个美国充满了节日的氛围。


3. America's 1st Labor Day
美国首个劳动节


The first Labor Day celebration in the United States can be traced to Sept. 5, 1882. It was designed as a way to appease city workers after numerous strikes and in some cases even violence.
美国的首个劳动节是在1882年的9月5号。当时，这个节日是在不计其数的罢工甚至是暴力活动后，作为抚恤身心俱疲的工人的一种措施。


4. Always On Monday
节日总是定在周一


Labor Day has been celebrated on the first Monday of September every year since President Grover Cleveland declared that day Labor Day in 1894. The extended weekend helps Americans who choose to travel.
自从美国总统格罗弗•克利夫兰在1984年宣布劳动节成立后，每年的劳动节都在9月第1个周一庆祝了。这样周末就延长了一天，很多美国人可以借此机会去旅游放松。


5. Summer Farewell
夏季告别日


Originating as a celebration for the working class, Labor Day has also evolved into the unofficial end of the summer season and for many school districts the beginning of the academic year again.
劳动节本来是工人阶级的节日，不过现在逐渐变成夏季的收尾，也是很多学校拉开新学年序幕的一天。

小李子

淘宝签协议抵制假冒品：“假冒品”英语怎么说

中国电子商务龙头企业淘宝网正式与美国电影协会签订协议，共同规范在线电影点播市场，打击盗版现象。它的母公司阿里巴巴还经营着一个庞大的B2B电子商务网络。在早些时候，由于淘宝对于版权内容宽松的管理，招致了社会上的一些批评。

中国最大的在线购物网站淘宝网和美国电影协会签订版权协议，以抑制网络上出售假冒侵权内容的情况。在淘宝与该协会发布的联合声明中可以看到，双方将会和执法部门共同努力，揪出仿冒商。

请看相关英语报道：
Taobao Marketplace, China's largest online shopping website, has signed a memorandum of understanding with a US organization to curb sales of counterfeit products sold on the Internet. The two parties will also work together with law enforcement agencies to pursue serial offenders, according to a joint statement released recently.

分析：
上述报道中的“counterfeit”就是假冒品、赝品的意思。除此之外，我们要描述“冒牌货”还可以用knockoff、pinchbech、fake等。假冒品在生活中处处可见，仿制包、仿制手表、山寨食品……很多消费者（consumer）买了假冒品都不知道，有些仿制品甚至可以以假乱真。消费者在购买时一定要擦亮眼睛，并懂得维护自己的权益（rights and benefits）。

例句:
1. It is a crime to counterfeit money.
伪造货币是犯罪行为。

2. This note is counterfeit, but that one's good.
这张钞票是假的，那张是真的。

3. Counterfeit goods infringe customers' legal rights.
伪劣商品侵越了消费者的合法权益。

4. I suspect the paper to be a counterfeit.
我怀疑这个证件是伪造的。

相关词汇：
e-commerce 电子商务

piracy 盗版

copyright 版权

intellectual property rights 知识产权

小李子

奥巴马2012年纪念“911事件”的讲话（视频）

2001年9月11日，美国遭受恐怖袭击，造成纽约世界贸易中心北楼和南楼坍塌，美国国防部五角大楼部分被毁，3000多人死亡和失踪。9月8日美国总统奥巴马发表了纪念911事件的周年讲话。

http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNDQ5MTMxMjc2.html


Remarks of President Barack Obama on 9/11
美国总统奥巴马纪念“911袭击”讲话


This week, we mark the eleventh anniversary of the September 11th attacks. It’s a time to remember the nearly 3,000 innocent men, women and children we lost, and the families they left behind. It’s a chance to honor the courage of the first responders who risked their lives – on that day, and every day since. And it’s an opportunity to give thanks for our men and women in uniform who have served and sacrificed, sometimes far from home, to keep our country safe.
这个星期，我们纪念9.11遇袭事件11周年。在这个时刻，我们追念失去的近3,000名无辜的男女老少，也向他们的家人表示慰问。在这个时刻，我们向紧 急救援人员表示敬意，他们在那一天和此后的日日夜夜冒着生命的危险舍己救人。在这个时刻，我们感谢为国服务和做出奉献的男女军人，他们一心保卫我们的国 家，有时还需要远离家乡。


This anniversary is about them.  It’s also a time to reflect on just how far we’ve come as a nation these past eleven years.
这个纪念日是为了向他们致敬。这个纪念日也是为了回顾11年来我们作为一个国家做出了多大的努力。


On that clear September morning, as America watched the towers fall, and the Pentagon burn, and the wreckage smoldering in a Pennsylvania field, we were filled with questions.  Where had the attacks come from, and how would America respond?  Would they fundamentally weaken the country we love?  Would they change who we are?
在那年9月一个晴朗的早晨，美国目睹了大楼轰然倒塌，五角大楼起火燃烧，飞机残骸在宾夕法尼压田野中焚毁，心中不禁充满了疑问。这些袭击来自何方？美国应该如何应对？我们热爱的国家是否会从此一蹶不振？我们是否会因此丧失我们的本色？


The last decade has been a difficult one, but together, we have answered those questions and come back stronger as a nation.
这一个10年充满了艰难险阻，但我们共克时艰，回答了这些问题，再次重振国之雄风。


We took the fight to al Qaeda, decimated their leadership, and put them on a path to defeat.  And thanks to the courage and skill of our intelligence personnel and armed forces, Osama bin Laden will never threaten America again.
我们向“基地”组织发起了反击，扫除了该组织的首恶分子，让他们走上了灭亡的道路。由于我国情报人员和军人的大智大勇，奥萨马·本·拉登无法再对美国造成威胁。


Instead of pulling back from the world, we’ve strengthened our alliances while improving our security here at home.  As Americans, we refuse to live in fear.  Today, a new tower rises above the New York skyline.  And our country is stronger, safer and more respected in the world.
我们没有在世界上退守一隅。相反，我们加强了联盟的力量，同时改善了国内的安全。作为美国人，我们决不在恐惧中生活。今天，一栋新的高楼在纽约地平线上升起。 我国日益强盛，更为安全， 在全世界受到更大的尊重。


Instead of turning on each other, we’ve resisted the temptation to give in to mistrust and suspicion.  I have always said that America is at war with al Qaeda and its affiliates – and we will never be at war with Islam or any other religion.  We are the United States of America.  Our freedom and diversity make us unique, and they will always be central to who we are as a nation.
我们没有相互指责，决不屈服于互不信任和猜疑的的诱惑。我经常表示，美国在与“基地”组织及其附庸作战，我们决不以伊斯兰教和其他任何宗教为对立面。我们是美利坚合众国。我们的自由和多样性使我们独树一帜，这些始终是我们的立国之本。


Instead of changing who we are, the attacks have brought out the best in the American people.  More than 5 million members of the 9/11 Generation have worn America’s uniform over the past decade, and we’ve seen an outpouring of goodwill towards our military, veterans, and their families.  Together, they’ve done everything we’ve asked of them. We’ve ended the war in Iraq and brought our troops home.  We brought an end to the Taliban regime. We’ve trained Afghan Security Forces, and forged a partnership with a new Afghan Government.  And by the end 2014, the transition in Afghanistan will be complete and our war there will be over.
我们没有丧失我们的本色。相反，面对这些袭击事件，美国人民展示了最优秀的品质。10年来， 500多万 “9.11一代人”穿上了军装。我们看见军人、老兵及其家人处处受到无比热情的欢迎。他们同心协力完成了我们要求他们做的任何一件工作。我们结束了在伊拉 克的战争，撤回了我们的军队。我们推翻了塔利班政权。我们为阿富汗安全部队提供训练，与阿富汗新政府建立了伙伴关系。到2014年底，阿富汗将完成过渡， 我们在那里的战事将最后结束。


And finally, instead of turning inward with grief, we’ve honored the memory of those we lost by giving back to our communities, serving those in need, and reaffirming the values at the heart of who we are as a people.  That’s why we mark September 11th as a National Day of Service and Remembrance.  Because we are one American family.  And we look out for each other – not just on the difficult days, but every day.
最后，我们没有陷入悲痛不能自拔。我们回馈社区，为有需要的人提供服务，坚持我国人民的核心价值，以此缅怀失去的生命。正是因为如此，我们确定9月11日为全国服务与纪念日。因为我们都属于美国大家庭。我们不仅在艰难的日子相互守望，而且每一天都相互扶持。


Eleven years later, that’s the legacy of 9/11 – the ability to say with confidence that no adversary and no act of terrorism can change who we are.  We are Americans, and we will protect and preserve this country we love.  On this solemn anniversary, let’s remember those we lost, let us reaffirm the values they stood for, and let us keep moving forward as one nation and one people.
11年来，9.11留下的遗产——有能力自信地说，任何敌人和任何恐怖主义行为都无法改变我们的本色。作为美国人，我们将捍卫和维护我们热 爱的这个国家。在这个隆重的纪念日到来之际，让我们铭记我们失去的生命，让我们重申他们坚持的价值观，让我们的国家和人民继续奋勇向前。

小李子

Rovio公司推新款愤怒的小鸟 绿毛猪成主角



(Reuters) - Angry Birds-maker Rovio Entertainment will be hoping to prove it's no one-hit wonder when it launches Bad Piggies on Thursday, just as players seem to be tiring of the game they've been addicted to for the past three years.

one-hit wonder：昙花一现

be tiring of：对...厌倦

be addicted to：对...上瘾

The new game will feature pigs which strike back at the birds who attacked them with slingshots in Angry Birds.

A hit on app stores would give the Finnish company a boost as it looks to a possible stock market flotation next year. Some analysts put its market value at between $6 billion and $9 billion, nearly on a par with another top Finnish tech name, phone maker Nokia Oyj.

stock market flotation：上市

on a par with：同...一样

Rovio was founded in 2003 and became a global phenomenon after it launched Angry Birds for Apple Inc's iPhone in late 2009.

The highly-addictive game helped Rovio's sales jump 10-fold to $100 million last year, a fraction of the 38.7 billion euros ($50.2 billion) which Nokia chalked up.

up：取得

It has remained at the top of gaming charts, with more than a billion downloads, and had 200 million monthly users at the end of 2011. That compares for instance with the 240 million attracted by offerings from U.S-based Zynga Inc, such as the Facebook-based Farmville.

Farmville：开心农场

But there are signs Rovio is losing its momentum.

Amazing Alex, the first non-Angry Birds game in more than two years from Rovio, hit No. 1 on download charts in July but has since slumped to outside the top 50, while Angry Birds Space has dropped fast from the top-grossing lists.

top-grossing lists：卖座榜单

"Rovio needs a big hit right now. Over the past two months, Rovio's revenue-generation ability has suddenly slipped badly," said analyst Tero Kuittinen from Finnish mobile analytics firm Alekstra.

小李子

中国东盟博览会闭幕 各国领导人盛赞



第九届中国-东盟博览会、第九届中国-东盟商务与投资峰会闭幕式暨新闻发布会在南宁荔园山庄国际会议中心举行。本届博览会各项活动安排高效有序，新颖务实，体现了在合作共办、组织实施等方面达到了更高水平。与会各方对本次盛会给予高度评价：

缅甸总统吴登盛说：“中国-东盟博览会为增进中国与东盟的友好关系、提高双方的经贸合作和各领域的合作发挥着重要的作用。”

越南总理阮晋勇说：“中国-东盟博览会规模一年比一年大，成效一年比一年显著，对促进中国与包括越南在内的东盟各国的交流与合作将发挥重要作用。”

老挝总理通邢说：“中国-东盟博览会对促进中国同包括老挝在内东盟各国友好合作关系发挥了积极的作用。”

泰国副总理吉迪拉说：“中国-东盟博览会为中国与东盟国家开展经贸合作提供了宝贵的平台。”

马来西亚副总理穆希丁说：“中国-东盟博览会对包括马来西亚在内的东盟国家发展与中国关系至关重要。”

其他部长级贵宾和中外客商对本次盛会给予广泛赞誉，普遍认为中国-东盟博览会已成为中国与东盟各国全方位合作的平台和自贸区建设与发展的“助推器”，发挥越来越重要的作用。据抽样调查，本次盛会各国参展参会满意度进一步提高。

词汇拓展：

1. 峰会 summit

The staff is working frantically on final arrangements for the summit.
工作人员正紧张忙乱地为峰会做最后准备。

2. 闭幕式 closing ceremony

China's Olympics closing ceremony set new standards of aspiration.
中国奥运会闭幕式设置了展现抱负的新标准。

3. 新闻发布会 press conference

He might be spokesman of today's press conference.
他可能是今天新闻发布会的发言人。

4. 经贸合作 economic and trade cooperation

Economic and trade cooperation is another focus of our collaboration.
开展经贸合作是我们合作的重要内容。

小李子

职业女性福音：可以随意调整高度的高跟鞋



Tanya Heath is on a double mission: to prove women can wear heels without ruining their feet, and that her answer to their plight, a heel that switches from high to low, can be made entirely in France.
塔尼娅-海斯身兼双重任务：一要证明女性可以穿着高跟鞋而不伤脚，二要证明她对女性们的这一困境有解决的办法：一个可以由高变低的鞋跟在法国完全可以实现。


The Paris-based Canadian started with a simple idea. When your shoes start to hurt -- half way through a party, a wedding or a workday -- press a button in the sole, slot out your dressy high heel and replace it with a walking version.
这位旅居巴黎的加拿大女性开始的想法很简单。不论是参加聚会、婚礼，还是某天工作的时候，当你的鞋开始令你脚疼时，按一下鞋底的键，收起你那雅致的高跟，换上适合走路的鞋跟。


"I'm a feminine feminist," is how the 42-year-old sums up her philosophy. "My shoe is designed to be sexy -- but on the woman's terms."
“我是个很强调女人味的女权主义者，我的鞋要设计得性感，但这得女人说了算。”42岁的她是这样总结她的设计哲学的。


"You can do your two-hour meeting, and then you just take off your high heel," she explained at the Ethical Fashion Show in Paris this month. "You're getting relief -- and you're getting home."
“你可以开上两个小时的会，然后去掉高跟换上适宜的鞋跟，” 她在本月巴黎的道德时装秀上解释说，“你得到了放松，就像是在家一样舒适。”


So far so good, except the trick -- which no one had quite figured out until now -- is how to keep the shoe balanced and comfortable both on tip-toe and when you tilt it back to sit on a low heel.
到目前为止一切都还顺利，除了有一个问题需要解决：如何在穿着高跟鞋和把它倾斜到低跟的时候，都能使鞋既保持平衡又舒适——直到现在也没有人真的想出办法来。


Fruit of three painstaking years of research, Heath's patented answer to the riddle is billed as the world's first multi-height heel, a luxury leather shoe that switches seamlessly from 3.5 to 1.5 inches.
三年的精心研究换来了成果，海斯对这个难题的破解方案已申请了专利，号称是世界上第一款鞋跟高度多变的奢华皮鞋，其鞋跟高度可以从3.5英寸到1.5英寸之间无缝变化。


From pastel pink patent sandals to strappy dancing shoes or demure lace-ups, with either stiletto or chunky heels, high or low, the shoes are pitched at the high end of the market, starting at around $320 dollars.
从申请了专利的淡粉色凉鞋，到绑带的舞鞋，或者庄重的系带靴，不是细高跟就是粗跟，鞋跟或高或低，这种鞋被定位在高端市场，一开始的售价约为320美元。


With models harking back to the 1920s, Heath wanted a "deliberately nostalgic" style to offset the "gee-whizz technology".
通过使鞋的式样回归到20世纪20年代，海斯想要一种“刻意怀旧”的风格来衬托其“绝妙的技术”。


A passionate heel-wearer, Heath's project was born partly of personal experience, having suffered foot deformations from heels, like an estimated 38 percent of women worldwide.
海斯酷爱高跟鞋，她的这个想法一半是源自自己的亲身经历，她因穿高跟鞋而脚部变形，估计世界上有38%的女性也有相同体会。


"I had had enough of aching feet, and I refused point blank to wear ballerina flats," she joked. But she also wanted to show shoes could still be made in a high-cost economy like France.
“我受够了脚疼，并且我也绝对不穿芭蕾平底鞋，”她开玩笑说。然而她也想表示，这些鞋仍可以在成本高的经济体中制造，比如说法国。


In 1996, Heath left a job as policy analyst at the Canadian foreign ministry for a new life in Paris, following her oil executive fiance, a "camembert and champagne" lover who refused to be based anywhere else.
1996年，海斯辞去了加拿大外交部政策分析师的工作，跟随作为石油高管的未婚夫前往巴黎开始了新的生活。她的未婚夫酷爱卡门贝干酪和香槟酒，不愿在其他任何地方定居。


Once there she learnt French at business school, worked in management and high-tech, then private equity, all while raising three young children.
她曾在那里的商业学校学习法语，从事管理、高科技，然后私人募股方面的工作，养育了3个小孩。

Leo妈

谢谢分享， 一直很感谢你的辛苦工作，为我们这些菜鸟们提供了一个很好的学习机会

小李子

《钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土》白皮书（双语全文）

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室2012年9月25日发表《钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土》白皮书，宣称中国坚决反对和遏制日本采取任何方式侵犯中国对钓鱼岛的主权，为维护钓鱼岛主权进行坚决斗争。
[1] 目录和前言
[2] 一. 钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土
[3] 二. 日本窃取钓鱼岛
[4] 三. 美日对钓鱼岛私相授受非法无效
[5] 四. 日本主张钓鱼岛主权毫无依据
[6] 五. 中国为维护钓鱼岛主权进行坚决斗争
[7] 结束语

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室25日发表《钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土》白皮书，全文如下：
The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China on Tuesday published a white paper on Diaoyu Dao, an inherent territory of China. Following is the full text of the white paper:


钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土
Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China


(2012年9月)
(September 2012)


中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
State Council Information Office, The People's Republic of China


目 录
Content


前 言
Foreword


一、钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土
I. Diaoyu Dao is China's Inherent Territory


二、日本窃取钓鱼岛
II. Japan Grabbed Diaoyu Dao from China


三、美日对钓鱼岛私相授受非法无效
III. Backroom Deals Between the United States and Japan Concerning Diaoyu Dao are Illegal and Invalid


四、日本主张钓鱼岛主权毫无依据
IV. Japan's Claim of Sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao is Totally Unfounded


五、中国为维护钓鱼岛主权进行坚决斗争
V. China has Taken Resolute Measures to Safeguard its Sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao


结束语
Conclusion


前言
Foreword


钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿是中国领土不可分割的一部分。无论从历史、地理还是从法理的角度来看，钓鱼岛都是中国的固有领土，中国对其拥有无可争辩的主权。
Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands are an inseparable part of the Chinese territory. Diaoyu Dao is China's inherent territory in all historical, geographical and legal terms, and China enjoys indisputable sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao.


日本在1895年利用甲午战争窃取钓鱼岛是非法无效的。第二次世界大战后，根据《开罗宣言》和《波茨坦公告》等国际法律文件，钓鱼岛回归中国。无论日本对钓鱼岛采取任何单方面举措，都不能改变钓鱼岛属于中国的事实。长期以来，日本在钓鱼岛问题上不时制造事端。2012年9月10日，日本政府宣布“购买”钓鱼岛及附属的南小岛、北小岛，实施所谓“国有化”。这是对中国领土主权的严重侵犯，是对历史事实和国际法理的严重践踏。
Japan's occupation of Diaoyu Dao during the Sino-Japanese War in 1895 is illegal and invalid. After World War II, Diaoyu Dao was returned to China in accordance with such international legal documents as the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation. No matter what unilateral step Japan takes over Diaoyu Dao, it will not change the fact that Diaoyu Dao belongs to China. For quite some time, Japan has repeatedly stirred up troubles on the issue of Diaoyu Dao. On September 10, 2012, the Japanese government announced the "purchase" of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated Nanxiao Dao and Beixiao Dao and the implementation of the so-called "nationalization". This is a move that grossly violates China's territorial sovereignty and seriously tramples on historical facts and international jurisprudence.


中国坚决反对和遏制日本采取任何方式侵犯中国对钓鱼岛的主权。中国在钓鱼岛问题上的立场是明确的、一贯的，维护国家主权和领土完整的意志坚定不移，捍卫世界反法西斯战争胜利成果的决心毫不动摇。
China is firmly opposed to Japan's violation of China's sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao in whatever form and has taken resolute measures to curb any such act. China's position on the issue of Diaoyu Dao is clear-cut and consistent. China's will to defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity is firm and its resolve to uphold the outcomes of the World Anti-Fascist War will not be shaken by any force.

小李子

一、钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土
I.Diaoyu Dao is China's Inherent Territory


钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿位于中国台湾岛的东北部，是台湾的附属岛屿，分布在东经123°20′－124°40′，北纬25°40′－26°00′之间的海域，由钓鱼岛、黄尾屿、赤尾屿、南小岛、北小岛、南屿、北屿、飞屿等岛礁组成，总面积约5.69平方千米。
Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands, which consist of Diaoyu Dao, Huangwei Yu, Chiwei Yu, Nanxiao Dao, Beixiao Dao, Nan Yu, Bei Yu, Fei Yu and other islands and reefs, are located to the northeast of China's Taiwan Island, in the waters between 123o20'-124o40'E (East Longitude) and 25o40'-26o00'N (North Latitude)， and are affiliated to the Taiwan Island. The total landmass of these islands is approximately 5.69 square kilometers.


钓鱼岛位于该海域的最西端，面积约3.91平方千米，是该海域面积最大的岛屿，主峰海拔362米。黄尾屿位于钓鱼岛东北约27千米，面积约0.91平方千米，是该海域的第二大岛，最高海拔117米。赤尾屿位于钓鱼岛东北约110千米，是该海域最东端的岛屿，面积约0.065平方千米，最高海拔75米。
Diaoyu Dao, situated in the western tip of the area, covers a landmass of about 3.91 square kilometers and is the largest island in the area. The highest peak on the island stands 362 meters above the sea level. Huangwei Yu, which is located about 27 kilometers to the northeast of Diaoyu Dao, is the second largest island in the area, with a total landmass of about 0.91 square kilometers and a highest elevation of 117 meters. Chiwei Yu, situated about 110 kilometers to the northeast of Diaoyu Dao, is the easternmost island in the area. It covers a landmass of approximately 0.065 square kilometers and stands 75 meters above the sea level at its peak.


(一)中国最先发现、命名和利用钓鱼岛
1. Diaoyu Dao was first discovered, named and exploited by China


中国古代先民在经营海洋和从事海上渔业的实践中，最早发现钓鱼岛并予以命名。在中国古代文献中，钓鱼岛又称钓鱼屿、钓鱼台。目前所见最早记载钓鱼岛、赤尾屿等地名的史籍，是成书于1403年(明永乐元年)的《顺风相送》。这表明，早在十四、十五世纪中国就已经发现并命名了钓鱼岛。
Ancient ancestors in China first discovered and named Diaoyu Dao through their production and fishery activities on the sea. In China's historical literatures, Diaoyu Dao is also called Diaoyu Yu or Diaoyu Tai. The earliest historical record of the names of Diaoyu Dao, Chiwei Yu and other places can be found in the book Voyage with a Tail Wind (Shun Feng Xiang Song) published in 1403 (the first year of the reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty). It shows that China had already discovered and named Diaoyu Dao by the 14th and 15th centuries.


1372年(明洪武五年)，琉球国王向明朝朝贡，明太祖遣使前往琉球。至1866年(清同治五年)近500年间，明清两代朝廷先后24次派遣使臣前往琉球王国册封，钓鱼岛是册封使前往琉球的途经之地，有关钓鱼岛的记载大量出现在中国使臣撰写的报告中。如，明朝册封使陈侃所著《使琉球录》(1534年)明确记载“过钓鱼屿，过黄毛屿，过赤屿，……见古米山，乃属琉球者”。明朝册封使郭汝霖所著《使琉球录》(1562年)记载，“赤屿者，界琉球地方山也”。清朝册封副使徐葆光所著《中山传信录》(1719年)明确记载，从福建到琉球，经花瓶屿、彭佳屿、钓鱼岛、黄尾屿、赤尾屿，“取姑米山(琉球西南方界上镇山)、马齿岛，入琉球那霸港”。
In 1372 (the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty)， the King of Ryukyu started paying tribute to the imperial court of the Ming Dynasty. In return, Emperor Hongwu (the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty) sent imperial envoys to Ryukyu. In the following five centuries until 1866 (the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty)， the imperial courts of the Ming and Qing Dynasties sent imperial envoys to Ryukyu 24 times to confer titles on the Ryukyu King, and Diaoyu Dao was exactly located on their route to Ryukyu. Ample volume of records about Diaoyu Dao could be found in the reports written by Chinese imperial envoys at the time. For example, the Records of the Imperial Title-conferring Envoys to Ryukyu (Shi Liu Qiu Lu) written in 1534 by Chen Kan, an imperial title-conferring envoy from the Ming court, clearly stated that "the ship has passed Diaoyu Dao, Huangmao Yu, Chi Yu... Then Gumi Mountain comes into sight, that is where the land of Ryukyu begins." The Shi Liu Qiu Lu of another imperial envoy of the Ming Dynasty, Guo Rulin, in 1562 also stated that "Chi Yu is the mountain that marks the boundary of Ryukyu". In 1719, Xu Baoguang, a deputy title-conferring envoy to Ryukyu in the Qing Dynasty, clearly recorded in his book Records of Messages from Chong-shan (Zhong Shan Chuan Xin Lu) that the voyage from Fujian to Ryukyu passed Huaping Yu, Pengjia Yu, Diaoyu Dao, Huangwei Yu, Chiwei Yu and reached Naba (Naha) port of Ryukyu via Gumi Mountain (the mountain guarding the southwest border of Ryukyu) and Machi Island.


1650年，琉球国相向象贤监修的琉球国第一部正史《中山世鉴》记载，古米山(亦称姑米山，今久米岛)是琉球的领土，而赤屿(今赤尾屿)及其以西则非琉球领土。1708年，琉球学者、紫金大夫程顺则所著《指南广义》记载，姑米山为“琉球西南界上之镇山”。
In 1650, the Annals of Chong-shan (Zhong Shan Shi Jian)， the first official historical record of the Ryukyu Kingdom drafted under the supervision of Ryukyu's prime minister Xiang Xiangxian (Kozoken)， confirmed that Gumi Mountain (also called Gumi Mountain, known as Kume Island today) is part of Ryukyu's territory, while Chi Yu (known as Chiwei Yu today) and the areas to its west are not Ryukyu's territory. In 1708, Cheng Shunze (Tei Junsoku)， a noted scholar and the Grand Master with the Purple-Golden Ribbon (Zi Jin Da Fu) of Ryukyu, recorded in his book A General Guide (Zhi Nan Guang Yi) that "Gumi Mountain is the mountain guarding the southwest border of Ryukyu".


以上史料清楚记载着钓鱼岛、赤尾屿属于中国，久米岛属于琉球，分界线在赤尾屿和久米岛之间的黑水沟(今冲绳海槽)。明朝册封副使谢杰所著《琉球录撮要补遗》(1579年)记载，“去由沧水入黑水，归由黑水入沧水”。明朝册封使夏子阳所著《使琉球录》(1606年)记载，“水离黑入沧，必是中国之界”。清朝册封使汪辑所著《使琉球杂录》(1683年)记载，赤屿之外的“黑水沟”即是“中外之界”。清朝册封副使周煌所著《琉球国志略》(1756年)记载，琉球“海面西距黑水沟，与闽海界”。
These historical accounts clearly demonstrate that Diaoyu Dao and Chiwei Yu belong to China and Kume Island belongs to Ryukyu, and that the separating line lies in Hei Shui Gou (today's Okinawa Trough) between Chiwei Yu and Kume Island. In 1579, Xie Jie, a deputy imperial title-conferring envoy of the Ming Dynasty, recorded in his book, Addendum to Summarized Record of Ryukyu (Liu Qiu Lu Cuo Yao Bu Yi) that he entered Ryukyu from Cang Shui to Hei Shui, and returned to China from Hei Shui to Cang Shui. Xia Ziyang, another imperial envoy of the Ming court, wrote in 1606 that "when the water flows from Hei Shui back to Cang Shui, it enters the Chinese territory." Miscellaneous Records of a Mission to Ryukyu (Shi Liu Qiu Za Lu)， a book written in 1683 by Wang Ji, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, stated that "Hei Shui Gou", situated outside Chi Yu, is the "boundary between China and foreign land". In 1756, Zhou Huang, a deputy imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, recorded in his book, the Annals of Ryukyu (Liu Qiu Guo Zhi Lue)， that Ryukyu "is separated from the waters of Fujian by Hei Shui Gou to the west".


钓鱼岛海域是中国的传统渔场，中国渔民世世代代在该海域从事渔业生产活动。钓鱼岛作为航海标志，在历史上被中国东南沿海民众广泛利用。
The waters surrounding Diaoyu Dao are traditionally Chinese fishing ground. Chinese fishermen have, for generations, engaged in fishery activities in these waters. In the past, Diaoyu Dao was used as a navigation marker by the Chinese people living on the southeast coast.


(二)中国对钓鱼岛实行了长期管辖
2. Diaoyu Dao had long been under China's jurisdiction


早在明朝初期，为防御东南沿海的倭寇，中国就将钓鱼岛列入防区。1561年(明嘉靖四十年)，明朝驻防东南沿海的最高将领胡宗宪主持、郑若曾编纂的《筹海图编》一书，明确将钓鱼岛等岛屿编入“沿海山沙图”，纳入明朝的海防范围内。1605年(明万历三十三年)徐必达等人绘制的《乾坤一统海防全图》及1621年(明天启元年)茅元仪绘制的中国海防图《武备志·海防二·福建沿海山沙图》，也将钓鱼岛等岛屿划入中国海疆之内。
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, China placed Diaoyu Dao under its coastal defense to guard against the invasion of Japanese pirates along its southeast coast. In 1561 (the 40th year of the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty)， An Illustrated Compendium on Maritime Security (Chou Hai Tu Bian) compiled by Zheng Ruozeng under the auspices of Hu Zongxian, the supreme commander of the southeast coastal defense of the Ming court, included the Diaoyu Dao Islands on the "Map of Coastal Mountains and Sands" (Yan Hai Shan Sha Tu) and incorporated them into the jurisdiction of the coastal defense of the Ming court. The Complete Map of Unified Maritime Territory for Coastal Defense (Qian Kun Yi Tong Hai Fang Quan Tu)， drawn up by Xu Bida and others in 1605 (the 33rd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty) and the Treatise on Military Preparations. Coastal Defense II. Map of Fujian's Coastal Mountains and Sands (Wu Bei Zhi. Hai Fang Er. Fu Jian Yan Hai Shan Sha Tu)， drawn up by Mao Yuanyi in 1621 (the first year of the reign of Emperor Tianqi of the Ming Dynasty)， also included the Diaoyu Dao Islands as part of China's maritime territory.


清朝不仅沿袭了明朝的做法，继续将钓鱼岛等岛屿列入中国海防范围内，而且明确将其置于台湾地方政府的行政管辖之下。清代《台海使槎录》、《台湾府志》等官方文献详细记载了对钓鱼岛的管辖情况。1871年(清同治十年)刊印的陈寿祺等编纂的《重纂福建通志》卷八十六将钓鱼岛列入海防冲要，隶属台湾府噶玛兰厅(今台湾省宜兰县)管辖。
The Qing court not only incorporated the Diaoyu Dao Islands into the scope of China's coastal defense as the Ming court did, but also clearly placed the islands under the jurisdiction of the local government of Taiwan. Official documents of the Qing court, such as A Tour of Duty in the Taiwan Strait (Tai Hai Shi Cha Lu) and Annals of Taiwan Prefecture (Tai Wan Fu Zhi) all gave detailed accounts concerning China's administration over Diaoyu Dao. Volume 86 of Recompiled General Annals of Fujian (Chong Zuan Fu Jian Tong Zhi)， a book compiled by Chen Shouqi and others in 1871 (the tenth year of the reign of Emperor Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty)， included Diaoyu Dao as a strategic location for coastal defense and placed the islands under the jurisdiction of Gamalan, Taiwan (known as Yilan County today).


(三)中外地图标绘钓鱼岛属于中国
3. Chinese and foreign maps show that Diaoyu Dao belongs to China


1579年(明万历七年)明朝册封使萧崇业所著《使琉球录》中的“琉球过海图”、1629年(明崇祯二年)茅瑞徵撰写的《皇明象胥录》、1767年(清乾隆三十二年)绘制的《坤舆全图》、1863年(清同治二年)刊行的《皇朝中外一统舆图》等，都将钓鱼岛列入中国版图。
The Roadmap to Ryukyu (Liu Qiu Guo Hai Tu) in the Shi Liu Qiu Lu written by imperial title-conferring envoy Xiao Chongye in 1579 (the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty)， the Record of the Interpreters of August Ming (Huang Ming Xiang Xu Lu) written by Mao Ruizheng in 1629 (the second year of the reign of Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty)， the Great Universal Geographic Map (Kun Yu Quan Tu) created in 1767 (the 32nd year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty)， and the Atlas of the Great Qing Dynasty (Huang Chao Zhong Wai Yi Tong Yu Tu) published in 1863 (the second year of the reign of Emperor Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty) all marked Diaoyu Dao as China's territory.


日本最早记载钓鱼岛的文献为1785年林子平所著《三国通览图说》的附图“琉球三省并三十六岛之图”，该图将钓鱼岛列在琉球三十六岛之外，并与中国大陆绘成同色，意指钓鱼岛为中国领土的一部分。
The book Illustrated Outline of the Three Countries written by Hayashi Shihei in 1785 was the earliest Japanese literature to mention Diaoyu Dao. The Map of the Three Provinces and 36 Islands of Ryukyu in the book put Diaoyu Dao as being apart from the 36 islands of Ryukyu and colored it the same as the mainland of China, indicating that Diaoyu Dao was part of China's territory.


1809年法国地理学家皮耶·拉比等绘《东中国海沿岸各国图》，将钓鱼岛、黄尾屿、赤尾屿绘成与台湾岛相同的颜色。1811年英国出版的《最新中国地图》、1859年美国出版的《柯顿的中国》、1877年英国海军编制的《中国东海沿海自香港至辽东湾海图》等地图，都将钓鱼岛列入中国版图。
The Map of East China Sea Littoral States created by the French cartographer Pierre Lapie and others in 1809 colored Diaoyu Dao, Huangwei Yu, Chiwei Yu and the Taiwan Island as the same. Maps such as A New Map of China from the Latest Authorities published in Britain in 1811, Colton's China published in the United States in 1859, and A Map of China's East Coast: Hongkong to Gulf of Liao-Tung compiled by the British Navy in 1877 all marked Diaoyu Dao as part of China's territory.

小李子

二、日本窃取钓鱼岛
II.Japan Grabbed Diaoyu Dao from China


日本在明治维新以后加快对外侵略扩张。1879年，日本吞并琉球并改称冲绳县。此后不久，日本便密谋侵占钓鱼岛，并于甲午战争末期将钓鱼岛秘密“编入”版图。随后，日本又迫使中国签订不平等的《马关条约》，割让台湾全岛及包括钓鱼岛在内的所有附属各岛屿。
Japan accelerated its invasion and external expansion after the Meiji Restoration. Japan seized Ryukyu in 1879 and changed its name to Okinawa Prefecture. Soon after that, Japan began to act covertly to invade and occupy Diaoyu Dao and secretly "included" Diaoyu Dao in its territory at the end of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Japan then forced China to sign the unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki and cede to Japan the island of Formosa (Taiwan)， together with Diaoyu Dao and all other islands appertaining or belonging to the said island of Formosa.


(一)日本密谋窃取钓鱼岛
1. Japan's covert moves to seize Diaoyu Dao


1884年，有日本人声称首次登上钓鱼岛，发现该岛为“无人岛”。日本政府随即对钓鱼岛开展秘密调查，并试图侵占。日本上述图谋引起中国的警觉。1885年9月6日(清光绪十一年七月二十八日)《申报》登载消息：“台湾东北边之海岛，近有日本人悬日旗于其上，大有占据之势。”由于顾忌中国的反应，日本政府未敢轻举妄动。
In 1884, a Japanese man claimed that he first landed on Diaoyu Dao and found the island to be uninhabited. The Japanese government then dispatched secret facts-finding missions to Diaoyu Dao and attempted to invade and occupy the island. The above-mentioned plots by Japan triggered China's alert. On September 6, 1885 (the 28th day of the 7th month in the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty)， the Chinese newspaper Shen-pao (Shanghai News) reported: "Recently, Japanese flags have been seen on the islands northeast to Taiwan, revealing Japan's intention to occupy these islands." But the Japanese government did not dare to take any further action for fear of reaction from China.


1885年9月22日冲绳县令在对钓鱼岛进行秘密调查后向内务卿山县有朋密报称，这些无人岛“与《中山传信录》记载的钓鱼台、黄尾屿和赤尾屿应属同一岛屿”，已为清朝册封使船所详悉，并赋以名称，作为赴琉球的航海标识，因此对是否应建立国家标桩心存疑虑，请求给予指示。同年10月9日，内务卿山县有朋致函外务卿井上馨征求意见。10月21日，井上馨复函山县有朋认为，“此刻若有公然建立国标等举措，必遭清国疑忌，故当前宜仅限于实地调查及详细报告其港湾形状、有无可待日后开发之土地物产等，而建国标及着手开发等，可待他日见机而作”。井上馨还特意强调，“此次调查之事恐均不刊载官报及报纸为宜”。因此，日本政府没有同意冲绳县建立国家标桩的请求。
After the secret facts-finding missions to Diaoyu Dao, the governor of Okinawa Prefecture sent a report in secrecy to the Minister of Internal Affairs Yamagata Aritomo on September 22, 1885, saying that these uninhabited islands were, in fact, the same Diaoyu Tai, Huangwei Yu and Chiwe Yu that were recorded in the Records of Messages from Chong-shan (Zhong Shan Chuan Xin Lu) and known well to imperial title-conferring envoys of the Qing court on their voyages to Ryukyu, and that he had doubts as to whether or not sovereignty markers should be set up and therefore asked for instruction. The Minister of Internal Affairs Yamagata Aritomo solicited opinion from the Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru on October 9. Inoue Kaoru replied in a letter to Yamagata Aritomo on October 21, "At present, any open moves such as placing sovereignty markers are bound to alert the Qing imperial court. Therefore, it is advisable not to go beyond field surveys and detailed reports on the shapes of the bays, land and other resources for future development. In the meantime, we will wait for a better time to engage in such activities as putting up sovereignty markers and embarking on development on the islands." Inoue Kaoru also made a special emphasis that "it is inappropriate to publicize the missions on official gazette or newspapers." As a result, the Japanese government did not approve of the request of Okinawa Prefecture to set up sovereignty markers.


1890年1月13日，冲绳县知事又请示内务大臣，称钓鱼岛等岛屿“为无人岛，迄今尚未确定其管辖”，“请求将其划归本县管辖之八重山官署所辖”。1893年11月2日，冲绳县知事再次申请建立国标以划入版图。日本政府仍未答复。甲午战争前两个月，即1894年5月12日，冲绳县秘密调查钓鱼岛的最终结论是：“自明治十八年(1885年)派县警察对该岛进行勘察以来，未再开展进一步调查，故难提供更确切报告。……此外，没有关于该岛之旧时记录文书以及显示属我国领有的文字或口头传说的证据。”
The governor of Okinawa Prefecture submitted the matter for approval to the Minister of Internal Affairs once again on January 13, 1890, saying that Diaoyu Dao and other "above-mentioned uninhabited islands have remained under no specific jurisdiction", and that he "intends to place them under the jurisdiction of the Office of Yaeyama Islands." On November 2, 1893, the governor of Okinawa Prefecture applied once again for setting up sovereignty markers to incorporate the islands into Japan's territory. The Japanese government did not respond. On May 12, 1894, two months before the Sino-Japanese War, the secret facts-finding missions to Diaoyu Dao by Okinawa Prefecture came to a final conclusion, "Ever since the prefecture police surveyed the island in 1885 (the 18th year of the Meiji period)， there have been no subsequent investigations. As a result, it is difficult to provide any specific reports on it... In addition, there exist no old records related to the said island or folklore and legends demonstrating that the island belongs to our country."


日本外务省编纂的《日本外交文书》明确记载了日本企图窃取钓鱼岛的经过，相关文件清楚地显示，当时日本政府虽然觊觎钓鱼岛，但完全清楚这些岛屿属于中国，不敢轻举妄动。
Japan's attempts to occupy Diaoyu Dao were clearly recorded in Japan Diplomatic Documents compiled by the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Relevant documents evidently show that the Japanese government intended to occupy Diaoyu Dao, but refrained from acting impetuously as it was fully aware of China's sovereignty over these islands.


1894年7月，日本发动甲午战争。同年11月底，日本军队占领中国旅顺口，清朝败局已定。在此背景下，12月27日，日本内务大臣野村靖致函外务大臣陆奥宗光，认为“今昔形势已殊”，要求将在钓鱼岛建立国标、纳入版图事提交内阁会议决定。1895年1月11日，陆奥宗光回函表示支持。同年1月14日，日本内阁秘密通过决议，将钓鱼岛“编入”冲绳县管辖。
Japan waged the Sino-Japanese War in July 1894. Towards the end of November 1894, Japanese forces seized the Chinese port of Lushun (then known as Port Arthur)， virtually securing defeat of the Qing court. Against such backdrop, the Japanese Minister of Internal Affairs Yasushi Nomura wrote to Foreign Minister Mutsu Munemitsu on December 27 that the "circumstances have now changed", and called for a decision by the cabinet on the issue of setting up sovereignty markers in Diaoyu Dao and incorporating the island into Japan's territory. Mutsu Munemitsu expressed his support for the proposal in his reply to Yasushi Nomura on January 11, 1895. The Japanese cabinet secretly passed a resolution on January 14 to "place" Diaoyu Dao under the jurisdiction of Okinawa Prefecture.


日本官方文件显示，日本从1885年开始调查钓鱼岛到1895年正式窃占，始终是秘密进行的，从未公开宣示，因此进一步证明其对钓鱼岛的主权主张不具有国际法规定的效力。
Japan's official documents show that from the time of the facts-finding missions to Diaoyu Dao in 1885 to the occupation of the islands in 1895, Japan had consistently acted in secrecy without making its moves public. This further proves that Japan's claim of sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao does not have legal effect under international law.


(二)钓鱼岛随台湾岛被迫割让给日本
2. Diaoyu Dao was ceded to Japan together with the Taiwan Island


1895年4月17日，清朝在甲午战争中战败，被迫与日本签署不平等的《马关条约》，割让“台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿”。钓鱼岛等作为台湾“附属岛屿”一并被割让给日本。1900年，日本将钓鱼岛改名为“尖阁列岛”。
On April 17, 1895, the Qing court was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War and forced to sign the unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki and cede to Japan "the island of Formosa (Taiwan)， together with all islands appertaining or belonging to the said island of Formosa". The Diaoyu Dao Islands were ceded to Japan as "islands appertaining or belonging to the said island of Formosa". In 1900, Japan changed the name of Diaoyu Dao to "Senkaku Islands".

小李子

三、美日对钓鱼岛私相授受非法无效
III. Backroom Deals Between the United States and Japan Concerning Diaoyu Dao are Illegal and Invalid.


第二次世界大战后，钓鱼岛回归中国。但20世纪50年代，美国擅自将钓鱼岛纳入其托管范围，70年代美国将钓鱼岛“施政权”“归还”日本。美日对钓鱼岛进行私相授受，严重侵犯了中国的领土主权，是非法的、无效的，没有也不能改变钓鱼岛属于中国的事实。
Diaoyu Dao was returned to China after the Second World War. However, the United States arbitrarily included Diaoyu Dao under its trusteeship in the 1950s and "returned" the "power of administration" over Diaoyu Dao to Japan in the 1970s. The backroom deals between the United States and Japan concerning Diaoyu Dao are acts of grave violation of China's territorial sovereignty. They are illegal and invalid. They have not and cannot change the fact that Diaoyu Dao belongs to China.


(一)“二战”后钓鱼岛归还中国
1. Diaoyu Dao was returned to China after the Second World War


1941年12月，中国政府正式对日宣战，宣布废除中日之间的一切条约。1943年12月《开罗宣言》明文规定，“日本所窃取于中国之领土，例如东北四省、台湾、澎湖群岛等，归还中华民国。其他日本以武力或贪欲所攫取之土地，亦务将日本驱逐出境”。1945年7月《波茨坦公告》第八条规定：“《开罗宣言》之条件必将实施，而日本之主权必将限于本州、北海道、九州、四国及吾人所决定之其他小岛。”1945年9月2日，日本政府在《日本投降书》中明确接受《波茨坦公告》，并承诺忠诚履行《波茨坦公告》各项规定。1946年1月29日，《盟军最高司令部训令第677号》明确规定了日本施政权所包括的范围是“日本的四个主要岛屿(北海道、本州、九州、四国)及包括对马诸岛、北纬30度以北的琉球诸岛的约1000个邻近小岛”。1945年10月25日，中国战区台湾省对日受降典礼在台北举行，中国政府正式收复台湾。1972年9月29日，日本政府在《中日联合声明》中郑重承诺，充分理解和尊重中方关于台湾是中国不可分割一部分的立场，并坚持《波茨坦公告》第八条的立场。
In December 1941, the Chinese government officially declared war against Japan together with the abrogation of all treaties between China and Japan. In December 1943, the Cairo Declaration stated in explicit terms that "all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa [Taiwan] and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China. Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which she has taken by violence and greed." In July 1945, the Potsdam Proclamation stated in Article 8: "The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine." On September 2, 1945, the Japanese government accepted the Potsdam Proclamation in explicit terms with the Japanese Instrument of Surrender and pledged to faithfully fulfill the obligations enshrined in the provisions of the Potsdam Proclamation. On January 29, 1946, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers Instruction (SCAPIN) No.677 clearly defined Japan's power of administration to "include the four main islands of Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku) and the approximately 1,000 smaller adjacent islands, including the Tsushima Islands and the Ryukyu Islands north of the 30th parallel of North Latitude". On October 25, 1945, the ceremony for accepting Japan's surrender in Taiwan Province of the China War Theater was held in Taipei, and the Chinese government officially recovered Taiwan. On September 29, 1972, the Japanese government committed with all seriousness in the China-Japan Joint Statement that "the Government of Japan fully understands and respects this stand of the Government of the People's Republic of China [Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People's Republic of China], and it firmly maintains its stand under Article 8 of the Potsdam Proclamation."


上述事实表明，依据《开罗宣言》、《波茨坦公告》和《日本投降书》，钓鱼岛作为台湾的附属岛屿应与台湾一并归还中国。
These facts show that in accordance with the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation and the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, Diaoyu Dao, as affiliated islands of Taiwan, should be returned, together with Taiwan, to China.


(二)美国非法将钓鱼岛纳入托管范围
2. The United States illegally included Diaoyu Dao under its trusteeship


1951年9月8日，美国等一些国家在排除中国的情况下，与日本缔结了“旧金山对日和平条约”(简称“旧金山和约”)，规定北纬29度以南的西南诸岛等交由联合国托管，而美国为唯一施政当局。需要指出的是，该条约所确定的交由美国托管的西南诸岛并不包括钓鱼岛。
On September 8, 1951, Japan, the United States and a number of other countries signed the Treaty of Peace with Japan (commonly known as the Treaty of San Francisco) with China being excluded from it. The treaty placed the Nansei Islands south of the 29th parallel of North Latitude under United Nations' trusteeship, with the United States as the sole administering authority. It should be pointed out that the Nansei Islands placed under the administration of the United States in the Treaty of Peace with Japan did not include Diaoyu Dao.


1952年2月29日、1953年12月25日，琉球列岛美国民政府先后发布第68号令(即《琉球政府章典》)和第27号令(即关于“琉球列岛的地理界限”布告)，擅自扩大托管范围，将中国领土钓鱼岛划入其中。此举没有任何法律依据，中国坚决反对.
The United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR) issued Civil Administration Ordinance No. 68 (Provisions of the Government of the Ryukyu Islands) on February 29, 1952 and Civil Administration Proclamation No. 27 (defining the "geographical boundary lines of the Ryukyu Islands") on December 25, 1953, arbitrarily expanding its jurisdiction to include China's Diaoyu Dao. However, there were no legal grounds whatsoever for the US act, to which China has firmly opposed.


(三)美日私相授受钓鱼岛“施政权”
3. The United States and Japan conducted backroom deals concerning the "power of administration" over Diaoyu Dao


1971年6月17日，美日签署《关于琉球诸岛及大东诸岛的协定》(简称“归还冲绳协定”)，将琉球群岛和钓鱼岛的“施政权”“归还”给日本。海内外中国人对此同声谴责。同年12月30日，中国外交部发表严正声明指出：“美、日两国政府在‘归还’冲绳协定中，把我国钓鱼岛等岛屿列入‘归还区域’，完全是非法的，这丝毫不能改变中华人民共和国对钓鱼岛等岛屿的领土主权。”台湾当局对此也表示坚决反对。
On June 17, 1971, Japan and the United States signed the Agreement Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands (Okinawa Reversion Agreement)， which provided that any and all powers of administration over the Ryukyu Islands and Diaoyu Dao would be "returned" to Japan. The Chinese people, including overseas Chinese, all condemned such a backroom deal. On December 30, 1971, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a solemn statement, pointing out that "it is completely illegal for the government of the United States and Japan to include China's Diaoyu Dao Islands into the territories to be returned to Japan in the Okinawa Reversion Agreement and that it can by no means change the People's Republic of China's territorial sovereignty over the Diaoyu Dao Islands". The Taiwan authorities also expressed firm opposition to the backroom deal between the United States and Japan.


面对中国政府和人民的强烈反对，美国不得不公开澄清其在钓鱼岛主权归属问题上的立场。1971年10月，美国政府表示，“把原从日本取得的对这些岛屿的施政权归还给日本，毫不损害有关主权的主张。美国既不能给日本增加在他们将这些岛屿施政权移交给我们之前所拥有的法律权利，也不能因为归还给日本施政权而削弱其他要求者的权利。……对此等岛屿的任何争议的要求均为当事者所应彼此解决的事项”。同年11月，美国参议院批准“归还冲绳协定”时，美国国务院发表声明称，尽管美国将该群岛的施政权交还日本，但是在中日双方对群岛对抗性的领土主张中，美国将采取中立立场，不偏向于争端中的任何一方。
In response to the strong opposition of the Chinese government and people, the United States had to publicly clarify its position on the sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao. In October 1971, the US administration stated that "the United States believes that a return of administrative rights over those islands to Japan, from which the rights were received, can in no way prejudice any underlying claims. The United States cannot add to the legal rights Japan possessed before it transferred administration of the islands to us, nor can the United States, by giving back what it received, diminish the rights of other claimants... The United States has made no claim to Diaoyu Dao and considers that any conflicting claims to the islands are a matter for resolution by the parties concerned." In November 1971, when presenting the Okinawa Reversion Agreement to the US Senate for ratification, the US Department of State stressed that the United States took a neutral position with regard to the competing Japanese and Chinese claims to the islands, despite the return of administrative rights over the islands to Japan.

小李子

四、日本主张钓鱼岛主权毫无依据
IV.Japan's Claim of Sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao Is Totally Unfounded


1972年3月8日，日本外务省发表《关于尖阁列岛所有权问题的基本见解》，阐述日本政府对于钓鱼岛主权归属问题的主张：一是钓鱼岛为“无主地”，不包含在《马关条约》规定的由清政府割让给日本的澎湖列岛和台湾及其附属岛屿的范围之内。二是钓鱼岛不包含在“旧金山和约”第二条规定的日本所放弃的领土之内，而是包含在该条约第三条规定的作为西南诸岛的一部分被置于美国施政之下，并根据“归还冲绳协定”将施政权“归还”日本的区域内。三是中国没有将钓鱼岛视为台湾的一部分，对“旧金山和约”第三条规定将钓鱼岛置于美国施政区域内从未提出过任何异议。
On March 8, 1972, Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued the Basic View on the Sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands in an attempt to explain the Japanese government's claims of sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao. First, Japan claims that Diaoyu Dao was "terra nullius" and not part of Pescadores, Formosa [Taiwan] or their affiliated islands which were ceded to Japan by the Qing government in accordance with the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Second, Japan claims that Diaoyu Dao was not included in the territory which Japan renounced under Article 2 of the Treaty of San Francisco, but was placed under the administration of the United States as part of the Nansei Islands in accordance with Article 3 of the said treaty, and was included in the area for which the administrative rights were reverted to Japan in accordance with the Okinawa Reversion Agreement. Third, Japan claims that China didn't regard Diaoyu Dao as part of Taiwan and had never challenged the inclusion of the islands in the area over which the United States exercised administrative rights in accordance with Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco.


日本的上述主张严重违背事实，是完全站不住脚的。
Such claims by Japan fly in the face of facts and are totally unfounded.


钓鱼岛属于中国，根本不是“无主地”。在日本人“发现”钓鱼岛之前，中国已经对钓鱼岛实施了长达数百年有效管辖，是钓鱼岛无可争辩的主人。如前所述，日本大量官方文件证明，日本完全清楚钓鱼岛早已归属中国，绝非国际法上的无主地。日本所谓依据“先占”原则将钓鱼岛作为“无主地”“编入”其版图，是侵占中国领土的非法行为，不具有国际法效力。
Diaoyu Dao belongs to China. It is by no means "terra nullius". China is the indisputable owner of Diaoyu Dao as it had exercised valid jurisdiction over the island for several hundred years long before the Japanese people "discovered" it. As stated above, voluminous Japanese official documents prove that Japan was fully aware that according to international law, Diaoyu Dao has long been part of China and was not "terra nullius". Japan's act to include Diaoyu Dao as "terra nullius" into its territory based on the "occupation" principle is in fact an illegal act of occupying Chinese territory and has no legal effect according to international law.


无论从地理上还是从中国历史管辖实践看，钓鱼岛一直是中国台湾岛的附属岛屿。日本通过不平等的《马关条约》迫使清朝割让包括钓鱼岛在内的“台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿”。《开罗宣言》、《波茨坦公告》等国际法律文件规定，日本必须无条件归还其窃取的中国领土。上述文件还对日本领土范围作了明确界定，其中根本不包括钓鱼岛。日本试图侵占钓鱼岛，实质是对《开罗宣言》和《波茨坦公告》等法律文件所确立的战后国际秩序的挑战，严重违背了日本应承担的国际法义务。
Diaoyu Dao has always been affiliated to China's Taiwan Island both in geographical terms and in accordance with China's historical jurisdiction practice. Through the unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan forced the Qing court to cede to it "the island of Taiwan, together with all islands appertaining or belonging to it", including Diaoyu Dao. International legal documents such as the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation provide that Japan must unconditionally return the territories it has stolen from China. These documents also clearly define Japan's territory, which by no means includes Diaoyu Dao. Japan's attempted occupation of Diaoyu Dao, in essence, constitutes a challenge to the post-war international order established by such legal documents as the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation and seriously violates the obligations Japan should undertake according to international law.


美国等国家与日本签订的片面媾和条约“旧金山和约”所规定的托管范围不涵盖钓鱼岛。美国擅自扩大托管范围，非法将中国领土钓鱼岛纳入其中，后将钓鱼岛“施政权”“归还”日本，都没有任何法律依据，在国际法上没有任何效力。对于美日上述非法行径，中国政府和人民历来是明确反对的。
Diaoyu Dao was not placed under the trusteeship established by the Treaty of San Francisco, which was signed between the United States and other countries with Japan and is partial in nature. The United States arbitrarily expanded the scope of trusteeship to include Diaoyu Dao, which is China's territory, and later "returned" the "power of administration" over Diaoyu Dao to Japan. This has no legal basis and is totally invalid according to international law. The government and people of China have always explicitly opposed such illegal acts of the United States and Japan.

小李子

五、中国为维护钓鱼岛主权进行坚决斗争
V.China has Taken Resolute Measures to Safeguard its Sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao


长期以来，中国为维护钓鱼岛的主权进行了坚决斗争。
China has, over the past years, taken resolute measures to safeguard its sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao.


中国通过外交途径强烈抗议和谴责美日私相授受钓鱼岛。1951年8月15日，旧金山会议召开前，中国政府声明：“对日和约的准备、拟制和签订，如果没有中华人民共和国的参加，无论其内容和结果如何，中央人民政府一概认为是非法的，因而也是无效的。”1951年9月18日，中国政府再次声明，强调“旧金山和约”是非法无效的，绝对不能承认。1971年，针对美、日两国国会先后批准“归还冲绳协定”的行为，中国外交部严正声明，钓鱼岛等岛屿自古以来就是中国领土不可分割的一部分。
China has, through the diplomatic channel, strongly protested against and condemned the backroom deals between the United States and Japan over Diaoyu Dao. On August 15, 1951, before the San Francisco Conference, the Chinese government made a statement: "If the People's Republic of China is excluded from the preparation, formulation and signing of the peace treaty with Japan, it will, no matter what its content and outcome are, be regarded as illegal and therefore invalid by the central people's government." On September 18, 1951, the Chinese government issued another statement stressing that the Treaty of San Francisco is illegal and invalid and can under no circumstances be recognized. In 1971, responding to the ratifications of the Okinawa Reversion Agreement by the US Congress and Japanese Diet, the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued a stern statement which pointed out that the Diaoyu Dao Islands have been an indivisible part of the Chinese territory since ancient times.


针对日本侵犯中国钓鱼岛主权的非法行径，中国政府采取积极有力措施，通过发表外交声明、对日严正交涉和向联合国提交反对照会等举措表示抗议，郑重宣示中国的一贯主张和原则立场，坚决捍卫中国的领土主权和海洋权益，切实维护中国公民的人身和财产安全。
In response to Japan's illegal violation of China's sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao, the Chinese government has taken active and forceful measures such as issuing diplomatic statements, making serious representations with Japan and submitting notes of protest to the United Nations, solemnly stating China's consistent proposition, principle and position, firmly upholding China's territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, and earnestly protecting the safety of life and property of Chinese citizens.


中国通过国内立法明确规定钓鱼岛属于中国。1958年，中国政府发表领海声明，宣布台湾及其周围各岛属于中国。针对日本自20世纪70年代以来对钓鱼岛所采取的种种侵权行为，中国于1992年颁布《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》时，明确规定“台湾及其包括钓鱼岛在内的附属各岛”属于中国领土。2009年颁布的《中华人民共和国海岛保护法》确立了海岛保护开发和管理制度，对海岛名称的确定和发布作了规定，据此，中国于2012年3月公布了钓鱼岛及其部分附属岛屿的标准名称。2012年9月10日，中国政府发表声明，公布了钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿的领海基线。9月13日，中国政府向联合国秘书长交存钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿领海基点基线的坐标表和海图。
China has enacted domestic laws, which clearly provide that Diaoyu Dao belongs to China. In 1958, the Chinese government released a statement on the territorial sea, announcing that Taiwan and its adjacent islands belong to China. In light of Japan's repeated violations of China's sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao since the 1970s, China adopted the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone in 1992, which unequivocally prescribes that "Taiwan and the various affiliated islands including Diaoyu Dao" belong to China. The 2009 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Offshore Islands establishes the protection, development and management system of offshore islands and prescribes the determination and announcement of the names of offshore islands, on the basis of which China announced the standard names of Diaoyu Dao and some of its affiliated islands in March 2012. On September 10, 2012, the Chinese government issued a statement announcing the baselines of the territorial sea of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands. On September 13, the Chinese government deposited the coordinates table and chart of the base points and baselines of the territorial sea of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.


中国始终在钓鱼岛海域保持经常性的存在，并进行管辖。中国海监执法船在钓鱼岛海域坚持巡航执法，渔政执法船在钓鱼岛海域进行常态化执法巡航和护渔，维护该海域正常的渔业生产秩序。中国还通过发布天气和海洋观测预报等，对钓鱼岛及其附近海域实施管理。
China has maintained routine presence and exercised jurisdiction in the waters of Diaoyu Dao. China's marine surveillance vessels have been carrying out law enforcement patrol missions in the waters of Diaoyu Dao, and fishery administration law enforcement vessels have been conducting regular law enforcement patrols and fishery protection missions to uphold normal fishing order in the waters of Diaoyu Dao. China has also exercised administration over Diaoyu Dao and the adjacent waters by releasing weather forecasts and through oceanographic monitoring and forecasting.


一直以来，钓鱼岛问题受到港澳同胞、台湾同胞和海外侨胞的共同关注。钓鱼岛自古以来就是中国的固有领土，这是全体中华儿女的共同立场。中华民族在维护国家主权和领土完整问题上有着坚定的决心。两岸同胞在民族大义面前，在共同维护民族利益和尊严方面，是一致的。港澳台同胞和海内外广大华侨华人纷纷开展各种形式的活动，维护钓鱼岛领土主权，强烈表达了中华儿女的正义立场，向世界展示了中华民族爱好和平、维护国家主权、捍卫领土完整的决心和意志
Over the years, the issue of Diaoyu Dao has attracted attention from Hong Kong and Macao compatriots, Taiwan compatriots and overseas Chinese. Diaoyu Dao has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times. This is the common position of the entire Chinese nation. The Chinese nation has the strong resolve to uphold state sovereignty and territorial integrity. The compatriots across the Taiwan Straits stand firmly together on matters of principle to the nation and in the efforts to uphold national interests and dignity. The compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and the overseas Chinese have all carried out various forms of activities to safeguard China's territorial sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao, strongly expressing the just position of the Chinese nation, and displaying to the rest of the world that the peace-loving Chinese nation has the determination and the will to uphold China's state sovereignty and territorial integrity.

小李子

结束语
Conclusion


钓鱼岛自古以来就是中国的固有领土，中国对其拥有无可争辩的主权。20世纪70年代，中日在实现邦交正常化和缔结《中日和平友好条约》时，两国老一辈领导人着眼两国关系大局，就将“钓鱼岛问题放一放，留待以后解决”达成谅解和共识。但近年来，日本不断对钓鱼岛采取单方面举措，特别是对钓鱼岛实施所谓“国有化”，严重侵犯中国主权，背离中日两国老一辈领导人达成的谅解和共识。这不但严重损害了中日关系，也是对世界反法西斯战争胜利成果的否定和挑战。
Diaoyu Dao has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, and China has indisputable sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao. As China and Japan were normalizing relations and concluding the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship in the 1970s, the then leaders of the two countries, acting in the larger interest of China-Japan relations, reached important understanding and consensus on "leaving the issue of Diaoyu Dao to be resolved later." But in recent years, Japan has repeatedly taken unilateral measures concerning Diaoyu Dao and conducted in particular the so-called "nationalization" of Diaoyu Dao. This severely infringed upon China's sovereignty and ran counter to the understanding and consensus reached between the older generation of leaders of the two countries. It has not only seriously damaged China-Japan relations, but also rejected and challenged the outcomes of the victory of the World Anti-Fascist War.


中国强烈敦促日本尊重历史和国际法，立即停止一切损害中国领土主权的行为。中国政府捍卫国家领土主权的决心和意志是坚定不移的，有信心、有能力捍卫国家主权，维护领土完整。
China strongly urges Japan to respect history and international law and immediately stop all actions that undermine China's territorial sovereignty. The Chinese government has the unshakable resolve and will to uphold the nation's territorial sovereignty. It has the confidence and ability to safeguard China's state sovereignty and territorial integrity.

小李子

莫言2012年诺贝尔文学奖授奖词全文

北京时间昨晚11点30分，2012年诺贝尔奖颁奖典礼于斯德哥尔摩音乐厅举行。0点16分许，中国作家莫言正式领取了今年的诺贝尔文学奖，莫言从瑞典国王卡尔十六世·古斯塔夫手上接过2012年诺贝尔文学奖获奖证书及金质奖章。今年诺贝尔奖奖金为800万瑞典克朗（约合114万美元）。

诺贝尔奖颁奖典礼上，诺贝尔文学奖评委会提名小组主席佩尔·瓦斯特伯格介绍了莫言的作品，阐述了授予他诺贝尔文学奖的原因。他介绍说，莫言是个诗人，粉碎了陈腔滥调，让茫茫人海中的个体得以升华，莫言的想像力翔越了人类存在的全部。瓦斯特伯格的颁奖辞全文如下：

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012

Award Ceremony Speech


Presentation Speech by Per Wästberg, Writer, Member of the Swedish Academy, Chairman of the Nobel Committee, 10 December 2012.

Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Esteemed Nobel Laureates, Ladies and Gentlemen,

Mo Yan is a poet who tears down stereotypical propaganda posters, elevating the individual from an anonymous human mass. Using ridicule and sarcasm Mo Yan attacks history and its falsifications as well as deprivation and political hypocrisy. Playfully and with ill-disguised delight, he reveals the murkiest aspects of human existence, almost inadvertently finding images of strong symbolic weight.

North-eastern Gaomi county embodies China’s folk tales and history. Few real journeys can surpass these to a realm where the clamour of donkeys and pigs drowns out the voices of the people’s commissars and where both love and evil assume supernatural proportions.

Mo Yan’s imagination soars across the entire human existence. He is a wonderful portrayer of nature; he knows virtually all there is to know about hunger, and the brutality of China’s 20th century has probably never been described so nakedly, with heroes, lovers, torturers, bandits – and especially, strong, indomitable mothers. He shows us a world without truth, common sense or compassion, a world where people are reckless, helpless and absurd.

Proof of this misery is the cannibalism that recurs in China’s history. In Mo Yan, it stands for unrestrained consumption, excess, rubbish, carnal pleasures and the indescribable desires that only he can attempt to elucidate beyond all tabooed limitations.
In his novel Republic of Wine, the most exquisite of delicacies is a roasted three-year-old. Boys have become exclusive foodstuff. The girls, neglected, survive. The irony is directed at China’s family policy, because of which female foetuses are aborted on an astronomic scale: girls aren’t even good enough to eat. Mo Yan has written an entire novel, Frog, about this.

Mo Yan’s stories have mythical and allegorical pretensions and turn all values on their heads. We never meet that ideal citizen who was a standard feature in Mao’s China. Mo Yan’s characters bubble with vitality and take even the most amoral steps and measures to fulfil their lives and burst the cages they have been confined in by fate and politics.

Instead of communism’s poster-happy history, Mo Yan describes a past that, with his exaggerations, parodies and derivations from myths and folk tales, is a convincing and scathing revision of fifty years of propaganda.

In his most remarkable novel, Big Breasts and Wide Hips, where a female perspective dominates, Mo Yan describes the Great Leap Forward and the Great Famine of 1960 in stinging detail. He mocks the revolutionary pseudo-science that tried to inseminate sheep with rabbit sperm, all the while dismissing doubters as right-wing elements. The novel ends with the new capitalism of the ‘90s with fraudsters becoming rich on beauty products and trying to produce a Phoenix through cross-fertilisation.

In Mo Yan, a forgotten peasant world arises, alive and well, before our eyes, sensually scented even in its most pungent vapours, startlingly merciless but tinged by joyful selflessness. Never a dull moment. The author knows everything and can describe everything – all kinds of handicraft, smithery, construction, ditch-digging, animal husbandry, the tricks of guerrilla bands. He seems to carry all human life on the tip of his pen.

He is more hilarious and more appalling than most in the wake of Rabelais and Swift — in our time, in the wake of García Marquez. His spice blend is a peppery one. On his broad tapestry of China’s last hundred years, there are neither dancing unicorns nor skipping maidens. But he paints life in a pigsty in such a way that we feel we have been there far too long. Ideologies and reform movements may come and go but human egoism and greed remain. So Mo Yan defends small individuals against all injustices – from Japanese occupation to Maoist terror and today’s production frenzy.

For those who venture to Mo Yan’s home district, where bountiful virtue battles the vilest cruelty, a staggering literary adventure awaits. Has ever such an epic spring flood engulfed China and the rest of the world? In Mo Yan’s work, world literature speaks with a voice that drowns out most contemporaries.

The Swedish Academy congratulates you. I call on you to accept the 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature from the hand of His Majesty the King.